Vitiligo
Recommended Citation
Seneschal J, Bae JM, Ezzedine K, Hamzavi I, Harris JE, Bellei B, Parsad D, Passeron T, van Geel N, Boniface K, and Picardo M. Vitiligo. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2025;11(1):85.
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
12-4-2025
Publication Title
Nat Rev Dis Primers
Keywords
Humans, Vitiligo, Melanocytes, Quality of Life
Abstract
Vitiligo is an acquired autoimmune depigmenting disorder that affects approximately 0.36% of the global population and presents in three forms based on lesion distribution: non-segmental, segmental and mixed vitiligo. Beyond its visible impact on the skin, vitiligo deeply affects mental well-being and quality of life. The pathogenesis of non-segmental vitiligo is influenced by genetic polymorphisms that are linked to immune response and melanogenesis pathways, whereas environmental factors contribute to disease onset. Diagnosis is generally clinical, with laboratory tests or biopsies rarely required. Melanocyte loss involves mechanisms, such as cellular stress, innate immune activation and adaptive immune responses, that specifically target melanocytes, with a central role for tissue-resident memory T cells. This cascade ultimately leads to the depletion of epidermal melanocytes and impairs melanocyte stem cell regeneration. Clinical management emphasizes shared decision-making with three primary objectives: halting depigmentation, initiating repigmentation and sustaining pigment restoration. Signs of active disease help clinicians to identify patients in need of intervention. Treatments approved in the past 2 years offer potential for reversing disease progression, and emerging therapies targeting key pathways to modulate immune activation and stimulate melanocyte regeneration and differentiation are being tested in clinical trials.
Medical Subject Headings
Humans; Vitiligo; Melanocytes; Quality of Life
PubMed ID
41345471
Volume
11
Issue
1
First Page
85
Last Page
85
