Assessing Cancer Risk from Hair Dye Exposure

Document Type

Conference Proceeding

Publication Date

7-1-2026

Publication Title

J Am Acad Dermatol

Keywords

Dermatology

Abstract

The global hair color market exceeds $23 billion with over $2 billion in U.S. sales. Permanent hair dye(PHD) makes up approximately 80% of the market contains couplers like m-aminophenols that oxidize and penetrate the hair cortex to produce long-lasting color. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies occupational exposure to hair dyes as a probable carcinogen; however, personal use remains unclassified. Chemicals such as 2,4-diaminoanisole, 4-amino-2-nitrophenol, and 4-chloro-o-phenylenediamine are banned in Europe. Para-phenylenediamine(PPD) and DMDM hydantoin a formaldehyde-releasing agent and known carcinogen remain in some products despite evidence suggesting PDD may be carcinogenic. A systematic review of PubMed and MEDLINE from January 1964 to March 2025 assessed the carcinogenic potential of hair dye use and identify vulnerable populations. The review included 96 articles including 2 on both adults and children, and five on maternal exposure and pediatric cancer risk. Some studies suggested potential associations between hair dye use and cancer risk. Trends include increased risk of Estrogen receptor + breast cancer among African American women and elevated bladder cancer in both genders. risk in frequent users. Individuals with slow acetylator NAT2 genotypes or CYP1A2 had elevated cancer risk with dye use. Maternal use during the first trimester significantly increased offspring risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia further elevated by continued use during lactation. The increased cancer risk observed in certain populations with long-term PHD use emphasizes the need for further research. Continued studies are warranted to better understand the long-term effects of modern hair dyes.

Volume

95

Issue

1

First Page

AB54

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