Recommended Citation
Liu L, Yuan H, Yi Y, Koellhoffer EC, Munshi Y, Bu F, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, McCullough LD, and Li J. Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 1 Promotes Axonal Regeneration after Stroke in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 9(5):506-514.
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
10-1-2018
Publication Title
Transl Stroke Res
Abstract
Neurite plasticity is a critical aspect of brain functional recovery after stroke. Emerging data suggest that Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) plays a central role in axonal regeneration in the injured brain, specifically by stimulating neuronal intrinsic growth and counteracting the growth inhibitory signaling that leads to growth cone collapse. Therefore, we investigated the functional role of Rac1 in axonal regeneration after stroke.
Delayed treatment with a specific Rac1 inhibitor, NSC 23766, worsened functional recovery, which was assessed by the pellet reaching test from day 14 to day 28 after stroke. It additionally reduced axonal density in the peri-infarct zone, assessed 28 days after stroke, with no effect on brain cavity size or on the number of newly formed cells.
Accordingly, Rac1 overexpression using lentivirus promoted axonal regeneration and functional recovery after stroke from day 14 to day 28. Rac1 inhibition led to inactivation of pro-regenerative molecules, including mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (p-MEK)1/2, LIM domain kinase (LIMK)1, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK)1/2 at 14 days after stroke. Inhibition of Rac1 reduced axonal length and number in cultured primary mouse cortical neurons using microfluidic chambers after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) without affecting cell viability. In contrast, inhibition of Rac1 increased levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, an extrinsic inhibitory signal for axonal growth, after stroke in vivo and in primary astrocytes after OGD.
In conclusion, Rac1 signaling enhances axonal regeneration and improve post-stroke functional recovery in experimental models of stroke.
Medical Subject Headings
Aminoquinolines; Animals; Axons; Cell Hypoxia; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Vectors; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Glucose; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Lim Kinases; MAP Kinase Kinase 1; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; Psychomotor Performance; Pyrimidines; Regeneration; Stroke; rac1 GTP-Binding Protein
PubMed ID
29476448
Volume
9
Issue
5
First Page
506
Last Page
514
