Cyclin D1 Loss Distinguishes Prostatic Small-Cell Carcinoma from Most Prostatic Adenocarcinomas
Recommended Citation
Tsai H, Morais CL, Alshalalfa M, Tan HL, Haddad Z, Hicks JL, Gupta N, Epstein JI, Netto GJ, Isaacs WB, Luo J, Mehra R, Vessella RL, Karnes RJ, Schaeffer E, Davicioni E, De Marzo AM, and Lotan TL. Cyclin D1 loss distinguishes prostatic small cell carcinoma from most prostatic adenocarcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2015.
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
12-15-2015
Publication Title
Clinical cancer research
Abstract
PURPOSE: Small-cell neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma is an increasingly common resistance mechanism to potent androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), but can be difficult to identify morphologically. We investigated whether cyclin D1 and p16 expression can inform on Rb functional status and distinguish small-cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We used gene expression data and immunohistochemistry to examine cyclin D1 and p16 levels in patient-derived xenografts (PDX), and prostatic small-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma specimens.
RESULTS: Using PDX, we show proof-of-concept that a high ratio of p16 to cyclin D1 gene expression reflects underlying Rb functional loss and distinguishes morphologically identified small-cell carcinoma from prostatic adenocarcinoma in patient specimens (n = 13 and 9, respectively). At the protein level, cyclin D1, but not p16, was useful to distinguish small-cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma. Overall, 88% (36/41) of small-cell carcinomas showed cyclin D1 loss by immunostaining compared with 2% (2/94) of Gleason score 7-10 primary adenocarcinomas at radical prostatectomy, 9% (4/44) of Gleason score 9-10 primary adenocarcinomas at needle biopsy, and 7% (8/115) of individual metastases from 39 patients at autopsy. Though rare adenocarcinomas showed cyclin D1 loss, many of these were associated with clinical features of small-cell carcinoma, and in a cohort of men treated with adjuvant ADT who developed metastasis, lower cyclin D1 gene expression was associated with more rapid onset of metastasis and death.
CONCLUSIONS: Cyclin D1 loss identifies prostate tumors with small-cell differentiation and may identify a small subset of adenocarcinomas with poor prognosis. Clin Cancer Res; 21(24); 5619-29. ©2015 AACR.
Medical Subject Headings
Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Cyclin D1; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Profiling; Heterografts; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Mice; Neoplasm Grading; Neoplasm Metastasis; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retinoblastoma Protein
PubMed ID
26246306
Volume
21
Issue
24
First Page
5619
Last Page
5629
