Residential mobility during pregnancy and birth outcomes in the United States: The environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort (2010-2019)
Recommended Citation
D'Adamo A, Kress AM, Habre R, Towe-Goodman N, Desjardins MR, Alshawabkeh A, Aris IM, Camargo CA, Jr., Carroll KN, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Chu SH, Civil Y, Craft AL, Croen LA, Deoni S, Dsa V, Dunlop AL, Elliott AJ, Ferrara A, Ganiban JM, Ghassabian A, Hartert T, Watts DJ, Karagas MR, Karr CJ, Koinis-Mitchell D, Kramer M, McEvoy CT, Mirzakhani H, O'Connor TG, Perng W, Schmidt RJ, Shah U, Tung I, Wright RJ, and Knapp EA. Residential mobility during pregnancy and birth outcomes in the United States: The environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort (2010-2019). Ann Epidemiol 2026;115:15-22.
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
3-1-2026
Publication Title
Annals of epidemiology
Keywords
Humans, Female, Pregnancy, United States, Pregnancy Outcome, Adult, Infant, Newborn, Residence Characteristics, Premature Birth, Birth Weight, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Cohort Studies, Infant, Small for Gestational Age, Neighborhood Characteristics, Gestational Age, Child Health, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, Maternal Age
Abstract
PURPOSE: To examine factors associated with moving during pregnancy and impacts of assigning nSES at enrollment, delivery, or a time-weighted average on birth outcomes (birthweight, birthweight-for-gestational-age z-score, low birthweight, gestational age, small-for-gestational age, preterm birth).
METHODS: We used data from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort Study (2010-2019) with nSES data from the American Community Survey (ACS) matched by time and location to monthly residential histories. We used multivariable logistic models with Generalized Estimating Equations to identify factors associated with moving and quantify exposure misclassification in model estimates.
RESULTS: Approximately 7 % of 15,376 participants moved at least once during pregnancy. Maternal age (OR: 0.97, 95 % CI: 0.95, 0.98) and other race vs. White (OR: 0.39, 95 % CI: 0.20, 0.80) were associated with lower odds of moving; lower neighborhood-level education (OR: 1.34, 95 % CI: 1.11, 1.62) and living in urban neighborhoods (OR: 3.03, 95 % CI: 1.39, 6.59) were associated with higher odds. Among movers, estimates between nSES and birth outcomes changed ≥ 16 % by address assignment; birthweight-for-gestational-age z-score was significant only when using nSES at delivery.
CONCLUSION: Sociodemographic and nSES characteristics are associated with moving during pregnancy; movers may experience exposure misclassification and underestimated effects on birth outcomes.
Medical Subject Headings
Humans; Female; Pregnancy; United States; Pregnancy Outcome; Adult; Infant, Newborn; Residence Characteristics; Premature Birth; Birth Weight; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Cohort Studies; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Neighborhood Characteristics; Gestational Age; Child Health; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult; Maternal Age
PubMed ID
41554464
Volume
115
First Page
15
Last Page
22
