Extended Reality (Augmented Realty, Virtual Reality, and Mixed Reality) in Teaching Technical Skills

Authors

• Anoop Chhina, Henry Ford HealthFollow
• Sonalee Shah, Henry Ford HealthFollow
• Santiago Uribe-Marquez, Henry Ford HealthFollow
• Jayakar Guruswamy, Henry Ford HealthFollow
• John D. Mitchell, Henry Ford HealthFollow

Recommended Citation

Chhina A, Shah S, Uribe-Marquez S, Guruswamy J, Mitchell JD. Extended Reality (Augmented Realty, Virtual Reality, and Mixed Reality) in Teaching Technical Skills. Anesthesiol Clin. 2026;44(4):635-647.

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

12-1-2026

Publication Title

Anesthesiol Clin

Keywords

Humans, Virtual Reality, Anesthesiology, Clinical Competence, Augmented Reality, Simulation Training

Abstract

This article examines the role of extended reality (XR)-including virtual, augmented, and mixed reality-in anesthesiology procedural training. XR addresses challenges in apprenticeship models by enabling immersive, repeatable, and learner-centered experiences aligned with simulation-based mastery learning and deliberate practice. Evidence supports XR's utility across diverse skills, including airway management, ultrasound, and crisis response, with benefits such as improved engagement, feedback, and accessibility. However, limitations including cost, technical constraints, and incomplete tactile fidelity persist. XR is best viewed as a complementary tool within blended curricula, with future research needed to validate its impact on skill transfer, patient outcomes, and cost-effectiveness.

Medical Subject Headings

Humans; Virtual Reality; Anesthesiology; Clinical Competence; Augmented Reality; Simulation Training

PubMed ID

42896930

ePublication

ePub ahead of print

Volume

44

Issue

4

First Page

635

Last Page

647